The Modern Book Foundation in Beirut has published a book titled “The Theory of Knowledge in Civil Law: A Comparative Legal Study between German, French, and Anglo-American Law,” authored by Haider Salah Katea, a faculty member at the College of Law, Al-Qadisiyah University, in collaboration with Dr. Amer Ghanem Alwan, a faculty member at the College of Law, University of Baghdad.
The book presents a new perspective on the concept of knowledge, beginning with ancient civilizations—from the Code of Hammurabi to Roman law. Knowledge was initially understood as a simple psychological state; someone who knew of a danger and then ignored it would be held accountable for their actions. If someone buys something knowing it has a defect, their complaint will not be heard. The Romans expressed this in the duality of scientia/bona fides, meaning knowledge versus deception, and good faith versus excusable ignorance.
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