A master’s thesis from the Department of Chemical Engineering at the College of Engineering at Al-Qadisiyah University, titled “The Use of the shambal plant as a bioadsorbent for wastewater treatment,” was discussed in the graduate studies discussion hall by researcher Duha Jabbar Rahi and supervised by Prof. Dr. Abbas Khalaf Muhammad
The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of four different forms of Ceratophyllum demersum (raw, carbonized, acid-activated carbon, and base-activated carbon) as adsorbents for removing lead ions (Pb^{2+}) from aqueous solutions.
The thesis demonstrated that Ceratophyllum demersum, especially after activation with potassium hydroxide (CDBC), represents an effective, economical, and environmentally friendly adsorbent for treating lead-contaminated water
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